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DALU
SC140 DSP Core Reference Manual 2-23
2.2.2.6.2 Two’s Complement Rounding
When two’s complement rounding is selected by setting the rounding mode (RM) bit in the SR, all values
greater than or equal to one-half are rounded up, and all values less than one-half are rounded down.
Therefore, a small positive bias is introduced.
For no scaling, the higher portion (HP) of the register is bits 39:16; the low portion (LP) is bits 15:0. The
HP is incremented by one bit if the LP was ≥ 1/2. The HP is left alone if the LP was <1/2. After rounding,
the LP is cleared. If scaling down is selected, the HP is bits 39:17 and the LP is bits 16:0. If scaling up is
selected, the HP is bits 39:15 and LP is bits 14:0.
- SC140 DSP Core 1
- Table of Contents 3
- StarCore Registry 11
- List of Figures 13
- List of Tables 15
- List of Examples 19
- About This Book 23
- Abbreviations 24
- NMI Non-maskable interrupt 25
- Revision History 26
- Chapter 1 27
- Introduction 27
- Architectural Differentiation 28
- Core Architecture Features 29
- Chapter 2 33
- Core Architecture 33
- StarCore 34
- 2.1.1.1 Data Register File 35
- 2.1.1.4 Shifter/Limiters 35
- 2.1.2.2 Bit Mask Unit (BMU) 36
- 2.1.6 Memory Interface 37
- 2.2 DALU 38
- D0–D15, respectively 39
- 2.2.1.5 Scaling 46
- 2.2.1.6 Limiting 46
- Table 2-9. Limiting Example 48
- 2.2.2.1 Data Representation 49
- 2.2.2.2 Data Formats 50
- ≤ SF ≤+1.0 - 2 50
- ≤ UI ≤ [2 51
- 2.2.2.3 Multiplication 52
- 2.2.2.4 Division 52
- 2.2.2.5 Unsigned Arithmetic 52
- 2.2.2.6 Rounding Modes 53
- Multiply 58
- 40-bit Accumulate 58
- Register Shifter 58
- >> 16 58
- 2.3 Address Generation Unit 63
- PABXABBXABA 64
- Address Generation Unit 65
- 2.3.2 AGU Programming Model 66
- MOVE.L #ADDRESS, B0 67
- MOVE.W (R8), D0 67
- 2.3.2.2.2 Initializing ESP 68
- 2.3.3 Addressing Modes 70
- 2.3.3.3 PC Relative Mode 72
- 2.3.3.5 Memory Access Width 74
- Yes √ (Rn) + Ni 76
- (Rn+N0) Yes √ (Rn + N0) 76
- 2.3.4 Address Modifier Modes 77
- 2.3.6 Bit Mask Instructions 81
- 2.3.7 Move Instructions 83
- MOVE.4F (R0),D0:D1:D2:D3 86
- 2.4 Memory Interface 87
- 2.4.1 SC140 Endian Support 88
- 2.4.1.2 Memory Organization 89
- 2.4.1.3 Data Moves 90
- 039 32 16 98
- Chapter 3 101
- Control Registers 101
- Table 3-2. EMR Description 108
- 3.2 PLL and Clock Registers 110
- Chapter 4 111
- Emulation and Debug (EOnCE) 111
- Interface 112
- JTAG TAP Controller 113
- EOnCE2 EOnCEn-1 EOnCEn 113
- Table 4-3. JTAG Scan Paths 115
- CHOOSE_CLOCK_DR signal 116
- Bits 7-8 = 00 118
- 4.3.1 EOnCE Signals 120
- 4.3.3 Debug State 121
- 4.3.4 Debug Exception 122
- 4.3.6 Software Downloading 122
- 4.3.7 EOnCE Events 124
- 4.3.8 EOnCE Actions 125
- 4.5.1 EOnCE Controller 126
- 4.5.2 Event Counter 128
- >=< 132
- • Greater than 133
- (EDCA).” 133
- 4.5.4 Event Selector (ES) 135
- 4.5.5 Trace Unit 136
- -12 on page 4-31 to the 140
- LSB part + 2 140
- Software 141
- 4.6.2 Real-Time JTAG Access 143
- EOnCE Register Addressing 144
- Table 4-13. ECR Description 146
- Table 4-14. ESR Description 148
- EOnCE Controller Registers 153
- 4.7.6 EE Signals 154
- 4.8 Event Counter Registers 160
- TEST EXT ECNTEN ECNTWHAT 161
- 4.8.4 EC Signals 163
- Registers 164
- EDCAi_REFB) 167
- AWS EDCDEN CCS ATS 168
- Event Selector (ES) Registers 171
- BIT 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 BIT 0 172
- SELDTB SELETB SEDLDI SELDM 172
- TYPE rw rw rw rw rw rw rw rw 172
- RESET 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 172
- Register (ESEL_DI) 174
- (ESEL_ETB) 174
- 4.11 Trace Unit Registers 175
- + +- - + 176
- BITS 15-8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 BIT 0 177
- RESET 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 177
- Trace Unit Registers 179
- Chapter 5 181
- Program Control 181
- Pipeline 182
- Table 5-1. Pipeline Example 183
- 5.1.1.3 Address Generation 184
- 5.2 Instruction Grouping 185
- 5.2.1 Grouping Types 186
- 5.2.1.1 Serial Grouping 187
- 5.2.1.2 Prefix Grouping 187
- 5.2.2 Prefix Types 188
- 5.2.3 Conditional Execution 189
- Instruction Grouping 191
- Position 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 193
- MOVE #xxxx,D0 MOVE #xxxx,D1 193
- 5.3 Instruction Timing 194
- — MOVE.L d0,(Rn + N0) 195
- — MOVE.L d0,(Rn + $5) 195
- — MOVE.L d0,(Rn + Rm) 195
- — MOVE.L d0,(SP + $100) 195
- Instruction Timing 196
- MOVE.W (R0+N0),D0 ;delay slot 197
- 5.3.2.2 Delayed COF 199
- 5.3.3 Memory Access Timing 201
- 5.4 Hardware Loops 205
- Hardware Loops 206
- 5.4.4 Loop Nesting 208
- Example 5-12. Long Loop 210
- 5.5 Stack Support 212
- Stack Support 216
- 5.6 Working Modes 217
- 5.6.3.1 Dual-stack RTOS 218
- Exception Mode 219
- Working Modes 220
- 5.7 Processing States 221
- 5.7.3 Execution State 223
- 5.7.4 Reset Processing State 223
- 5.7.5 Debug State 224
- 5.7.6 Wait Processing State 224
- 5.7.7 Stop Processing State 225
- 5.8 Exception Processing 226
- Exception Processing 228
- Priority 229
- 5.8.3 Maskable Interrupts 230
- 5.8.5 Internal Exceptions 230
- 5.8.5.1 Illegal Exception 231
- 5.8.5.2 DALU Overflow 232
- 5.8.5.3 TRAP Exception 232
- 5.8.5.4 Debug Exception 232
- 5.8.7 Exception Timing 233
- Chapter 6 237
- 6.2.1 Single ISAP 238
- 6.2.2 Multiple ISAP 239
- 6.4 ISAP Memory Access 240
- ISAP-core register transfers 241
- 6.7.3 Conditional Execution 246
- 6.8 Programming Rules 247
- Programming Rules 248
- Chapter 7 251
- VLES Grouping Semantics 252
- 7.3 SC140 Pipeline Exposure 253
- 7.4.2 Sequencing Rules 254
- 7.4.3 Register Read/Write 254
- 7.4.4 Status Bit Updates 255
- 7.4.5 Instruction Words 255
- 7.4.6 MOVE-like Instructions 255
- 7.4.8.1 COF Instructions 256
- 7.4.9.1 Delay Slot 256
- 7.4.10 Hardware Loops 257
- 7.5.2 General Grouping Rules 258
- Rule G.G.4 259
- Rule G.G.4 Exceptions 260
- 7.5.3 Prefix Grouping Rules 261
- Rule G.P.1 262
- Rule G.P.3 263
- Rule G.P.4 263
- Rule G.P.5 263
- Rule G.P.6 264
- Rule G.P.7 264
- Rule G.P.8 265
- Rule G.P.9 265
- 7.5.4 AGU Rules 266
- Rule A.2 267
- Rule A.3 267
- Rule A.4 268
- 7.5.5 Delayed COF Rules 269
- Rule D.2 270
- Rule D.3 270
- Rule D.4 271
- Rule D.5 271
- Rule D.5a 271
- Rule D.6 271
- 7.5.6 Status Bit Rules 272
- Rule T.2.a 273
- Rule T.2.b 273
- Rule T.2.c 273
- Rule SR.2 273
- Static Programming Rules 274
- Rule SR.3 276
- Rule SR.4 276
- Rule SR.4a 277
- 7.5.7 Loop Nesting Rules 278
- Rule L.N.2 279
- Rule L.N.3 279
- 7.5.8 Loop LA Rules 281
- Rule L.L.3 282
- Rule L.L.4 282
- 7.5.9 Loop Sequencing Rules 283
- Rule L.D.3 284
- Rule L.D.5 284
- Rule L.D.6 284
- Rule L.D.7 285
- Rule L.D.8 285
- Rule L.D.9 285
- 7.5.10 Loop COF Rules 286
- Rule L.C.5 287
- Rule L.C.7 288
- Rule L.C.9 289
- Rule L.C.10 289
- 7.5.11 General Looping Rules 290
- 7.6.1 AGU Dynamic Rules 291
- 7.6.2 Memory Access Rules 292
- 7.6.3 RAS Rules 293
- 7.6.4 Loop Rules 293
- Dynamic Programming Rules 294
- Rule SR.2a 296
- Rule SR.4b 296
- Rule SR.6 296
- Rule A.1a 297
- 7.7 Programming Guidelines 298
- Rule J.5 299
- Rule L.N.5 299
- Programming Guidelines 300
- 7.8 LPMARK Rules 301
- 7.8.3.1 LPMARK Notation 302
- 7.8.3.2 Loop Nesting Rules 303
- 7.8.3.3 Loop LA Rules 303
- LPMARK Rule L.L.2 304
- LPMARK Rule L.L.3 304
- LPMARK Rule L.L.5 304
- LPMARK Rule L.L.6 305
- LPMARK Rule L.D.2 + L.D.3 305
- LPMARK Rule L.D.6 305
- LPMARK Rule L.D.8 + L.D.9 305
- 7.8.3.5 Loop COF Rules 306
- LPMARK Rule L.C.3 + L.C.5 307
- LPMARK Rule L.C.9 308
- LPMARK Rule L.C.10 308
- LPMARK Rule L.C.11 + L.C.12 309
- LPMARK Rule L.G.3 + L.G.4 309
- LPMARK Rule SR.6 309
- 7.9 NOP Definition 310
- 7.9.1 Grouping Examples 311
- NOP Definition 312
- [IFT CLR D0IFT NOP IFT NOP] 313
- Appendix A 315
- A.1.1 Conventions 316
- M0-M3 Modulo registers 317
- {0 ≤u3 < 2 318
- , L}. The values for 318
- Table A-4. Assembler Syntax 318
- A.1.4 Encoding Notation 320
- A.1.5 Prefix Word Encoding 321
- Instruction Fields 322
- A.1.5.2 Two-Word Prefix 323
- DSP Core Instruction Set 324
- A.1.6 Instruction Types 326
- A.2 Instructions 333
- ABS Absolute Value (DALU) ABS 334
- ADD Add (DALU) ADD 338
- Example 2 339
- ADDA Add (AGU) ADDA 343
- Example 1 344
- #s16 + Da → Dn 350
- ADDNC.W #s16,Da,Dn 350
- ADR Add and Round (DALU) ADR 352
- AND Bitwise AND (DALU) AND 354
- Example 3 355
- Description 359
- Operation Assembler Syntax 359
- ASL Arithmetic Shift Left ASL 362
- Rx<<2 → Rx 364
- ASL2A Rx 364
- Rx<<1 → Rx 365
- 01516313239 C 371
- 15 8 7 0 373
- BF Branch If False (AGU) BF 379
- BFD <label 381
- BFD >label 381
- SR[1] T True bit 381
- $00E0 0000 381
- Bit-Masked Change a BMCHG 383
- 16-Bit Operand (BMU) 383
- Bit-Masked Test a BMTSTC.W 405
- $24A6 --0010 0100 1010 0110 406
- Bit-Masked Test a BMTSTS 408
- 16-Bit Operand If Set (BMU) 408
- Bit-Masked Test a BMTSTS.W 410
- BRA Branch (AGU) BRA 413
- Source Code Comments 415
- BT Branch If True (AGU) BT 423
- BTD <label 425
- BTD >label 425
- $00E0 0002 425
- CLB Da,Dn 427
- $00000 F7434 427
- $0:$FF FFFF FFF5 427
- SR[0] C Clears the carry bit 429
- $00E0 0001 $00E0 0000 429
- CMPEQ Da,Dn 431
- 000 D0 010 D2 100 D4 110 D6 432
- 001 D1 011 D3 101 D5 111 D7 432
- CMPEQA rx,Rx 435
- Dn > Da → T 437
- CMPGT Da,Dn 437
- Rx > rx → T 441
- CMPGTA rx,Rx 441
- CONTD label 449
- DEBUG 1 2 4 1001111001110000 451
- where #u5 = 1 453
- DECEQ Dn 455
- DECEQA Rx 457
- Dn – 1 → Dn; Dn≥0 → T 458
- DECGE Dn 458
- DI 1 1 4 1001111101111101 463
- Divide Iteration (DALU) DIV 464
- DOSETUPn label 475
- $0000 0002 475
- $0000 1020 475
- EI Enable Interrupts (AGU) EI 477
- EOR Da,Dn 479
- $FF FFFF FFFB 479
- IADDNC.W #s16,Dn 489
- Request (AGU) 492
- Da,Da jj Data Register Pairs 496
- Da.L * Db.L → Dn 501
- IMPY Da,Db,Dn 501
- #s16 * Dn.L → Dn 503
- IMPY.W #s16,Dn 503
- IMPYSU Da,Db,Dn 507
- $00 0000 0122 507
- $FF FFFF FFFF 507
- $0:$FF FFFF FEDE 507
- IMPYUU Da,Db,Dn 509
- Dn + 1 → Dn 511
- Dn + $00:00010000 → Dn 513
- INC.F Dn 513
- Rx + 1 → Rx 515
- INSERT Da,Db,Dn 517
- JF Jump If False (AGU) JF 519
- JMP Jump (AGU) JMP 523
- JMPD label {0 ≤ label < 2 525
- JSRD label {0 ≤ label < 2 529
- JT Jump If True (AGU) JT 531
- Prefix Formats and Opcodes 537
- $AAAA AAAA $5555 5555 541
- 542
- 0.000 0000 0000 1000 0000 551
- 1.111 1111 1111 1111 1000 554
- $FFFF 8000 554
- MARK 1 1 4 1001111001110010 559
- Dg,Dh GG Data Register Pairs 560
- MAX Dg,Dh 560
- $FF FFFF FFF5 560
- MAX2 Transfer Two 16-Bit MAX2 561
- MAX2VIT MAX2 MAX2VIT 563
- MAXM Dg,Dh 565
- $FF FFFF FFDD 565
- MIN Dg,Dh 567
- $00 36AE 3FB4 567
- respective data register 572
- MOVE.B Byte Move (AGU) MOVE.B 578
- MOVE.B (SP+s15),DR 579
- MOVE.B DR,(SP+s15) 579
- Move Fractional Word MOVE.F 582
- MOVE.F Db,(ea) 583
- Move Long Word (AGU) MOVE.L 586
- 0write1read 588
- MOVE.L (SP+s15),Do.E 590
- MOVE.L Move Long (AGU) MOVE.L 593
- MOVE.L (SP+s15),C4 595
- MOVE.L C4,(SP+s15) 595
- $0000 0050 600
- MOVES.4F 618
- MOVES.L Move Long to MOVES.L 619
- Memory (AGU) 621
- #u32 → Db 625
- MOVEU.L #u32,Db 625
- Memory to a Register (AGU) 629
- Rn RRR Address Register 632
- Da.H * Db.H → Dn 633
- MPY Da,Db,Dn 633
- NEG Negate (DALU) NEG 645
- NOP No Operation (PREFIX) NOP 647
- ~Da → Dn 648
- NOT Da,Dn 648
- NOT DR.L 650
- NOT DR.H 650
- Da ⏐ Dn → Dn 654
- OR Da,Dn 654
- RND Round (DALU) RND 673
- 01516313239 676
- [3] NMID Cleared 690
- SAT.L Dn 694
- $0000 0004 694
- STOP 1 8 4 1001111101111001 702
- SUB Subtract (DALU) SUB 703
- SUBA Subtract (AGU) SUBA 708
- (2 * Dn) – Da → Dn 710
- SUBL Da,Dn 710
- TFR Da,Dn 718
- TFRA rx,Rx 720
- TFRA OSP,Rn 722
- TFRA Rn,OSP 722
- TSTEQ Dn 728
- TSTGE Dn 731
- TESTGEA.L Rx 732
- TSTGT Dn 734
- TSTGTA Rx 735
- WAIT 1 8 4 1001111101111000 741
- Appendix B 747
- Table B-1. SCID Assignments 748
- Index I-1 749
- I-2 Index 750
- Index I-3 751
- I-4 Index 752
- , A-275, A-279 753
- I-6 Index 754
- Index I-7 755
- I-8 Index 756
- Index I-9 757
- I-10 Index 758
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